WOODWARD 1680-2004编码器是传感露的一种，主要用来检测机械运动的速度、位置、角度、距离和计数等，许多马达控制均票到备编码器以供马控制器作为换相、速度及位置的检出等，应用范围相当广泛。按照不同的分类方法，编码器可以分为以下几种类型:

WOODWARD 1680-2004根据检测原理，可分为光学式、磁电式、感应式和电容式。

D 根据输出信号形式，可以分为模拟量编码器、数字量编码器。

C根据编码器方式，分为增量式编码器、绝对式编码器和混合式编码器

WOODWARD 1680-2004光电编码器是集光、机、电技术于一体的数字化传感器，主要利用光栅衍射的原理来实现位移。一数字变换，通过光电转换将输出抽上的机城几何位移量转换成脉冲或数字量的传感器，典型的光电编码器由码盘、检测光栅光电转换电路( 包括光源、光敏器件、信号转换电路)、机械部件等组成。光电编码器具有结构简单、精度高、寿命长等优点，广泛应用于精密定位、速度、长度、加速度、振动等方面。这里我们主要介绍SIMATIC S7系列高速计数产品普遍支持的增量式编码器和绝对式编码器1.2增量式编码器

增量式编码器提供了一种对连续位移景离散化、增量化以及位移变化(速度 ) 的传感方法。增量式编码器的特点是每产生一个输出脉冲信号就对应于个增量位移，它能够产生与位移增量等值的脉冲信号，增景式编码器测景的是相对于某个基准点的相对位置增量，而不能够直接检测出编对位置信良

如图1-1 所示，增量式绾码器主要由光源、码盘、检测光机、光电检测器件和转换电路组成。在码盘上刻有节距相等的福射状透光维隙，相含两个透光缝隙之间代表一个增量周期。检测光栅上刻有A、B 两组与码盘相对应的透光缝隙，用以通过或阻挡光源和光电检测器件之间的光线，它们的节距和码盘上的节距相等，并目两组透光锋院错开1/4 节距，使得光电检测器件输出的信号在相位上相差 90，当码盘随着被测转抽转动时，检测光栅不动，光线透过码盘和检测光栅上的透过隙照时到光电检测器件上，光电检测器件就输出两组相位相差 90%的近似于下弦波的电信号，电信号经过转换电路的信号处理，就可以得到被测轴的转角或速度信息。

1.1 Photoelectric encoder

Encoder is a kind of sensor, mainly used to detect the speed. positon, Andle, distance and count of mechanical motion, many motocontrol need to be equipped with encoder tor motor controler as commutation, speed and position detection, etc, the aplicationrange is quite wide. According to different classification methods, encoders can be divided into the following types:

According to the detection principle, it can be divided into optical type, magnetoelectric type, induction type and capacitive typeAccording to the output signal form, it can be divided into analog encoder and digital encoder.0 According to the encoder method, it is divided into incremental encoder, absolute encoder and hybrid encoder

Photoelectric encoderis a digital sensor integrating optical, mechanical and electrical technology. lt mainly uses the principle of gratingdifraction to realize displacement-dicital transformation, and converts the mechanical geometric displacement on the output axis intoa pulse or digital sensor through photoelectric conversion, A typical photoelectric encoder consists of a code disc, a detection grating, aphotoelectric conversion circuit (including a liaht source, a photosensitive device, a signal conversion circuit), a mechanical componentetc. The photoelectric encoder has the advantages of simple structure, high precision, long life and so on, and is widely used inprecision positioning, speed, length, acceleration, vibration and so on.

Here we mainly introduce the incremental encoders and absolute encoders generally supported by SIMATIC S7 series high-speedcounting products.

1.2 Incremental encoder

Incremental encoders provide a sensing method for discretization, increment, and displacement change (velocity) of continuousdisplacement, The characteristic of the incremental encoder is that each output pulse signal is corresponding to an incrementadisplacement, and it can generate a pulse signal equivalent to the displacement increment. Incremental encoders measure relativeincrements of position relative to a reference point, and cannot directly detect absolute position information.

As shown in Figure 1-1, the incremental encoder is mainly composed of a light source, a code disk, a detection grating, a photoelectricdetection device and a conversion circuit, There are radiative light transmision gaps with equal pitch carved on the code disc, and theinterval between the two adiacent light transmission gaps represents an incremental period. The detection grating is enaraved with twgroups of light transmission gaps corresponding to the code disc, A and B, to pass or block the light between the light source and theyhotoelectric detection cevice. their pitch and the pitch on the code disc are eoua, and the two croups ot icht transmission gaps arestaggered by 1/4 pitch, so that the photoelectric detection device output signal in phase difference of 90° When the code disc rotateswith the measured axis, the detection grating does not move, and the light shines through the gap between the code disc and thedetection rating to the photoelectric detection device, the photoelectric detection device outputs two sets of electrical signals that areapproximately sine wave with a phase ciference of 90’, and the electrica sianals are processed by the conversion circuit to obtain theAngle or speed information of the measured axis.

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